Cloud computing

Hello guys ,I think you all have definitely familiar with the term "Cloud computing".Thus have you ever thought ..what it is..??...umm ...if no...Than no problem ...here i am giving some knowledge about it from basic to professional level.
So what is cloud computing?
Before knowing about it lets know about what is cloud?
The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say that Cloud is something, which is present at remote location. Cloud can provide services over network, i.e., on public networks or on private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN. Applications such as e-mail, web conferencing, customer relationship management (CRM),all run in cloud.
Ok now we get the idea of cloud ...so now what is cloud computing?
Well,Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the applications online. It offers online data storage, infrastructure and application.

We need not to install a piece of software on our local PC and this is how the cloud computing overcomes platform dependency issues. Hence, the Cloud Computing is making our business application mobile and collaborative.

Now lets discuss about some basic concepts :
There are certain services and models working behind the scene making the cloud computing feasible and accessible to end users. Following are the working models for cloud computing:

• Deployment Models
• Service Models

 DEPLOYMENT MODELS
Deployment models define the type of access to the cloud, i.e., how the cloud is located? Cloud can have any of the four types of access: Public, Private, Hybrid and Community.

PUBLIC CLOUD 
The Public Cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to the general public. Public cloud may be less secure because of its openness, e.g., e-mail.
PRIVATE CLOUD 
The Private Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible within an organization. It offers increased security because of its private nature.
COMMUNITY CLOUD
The Community Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by group of organizations. HYBRID CLOUD
The Hybrid Cloud is mixture of public and private cloud. However, the critical activities are performed using private cloud while the non-critical activities are performed using public cloud.
Hence it is about Deployment models .
Now discuss about Service models.
SERVICE MODELS
Service Models are the reference models on which the Cloud Computing is based. These can be categorized into three basic service models as listed below:
1.Infrastructure as a service(IaaS)
2.Platform as a Service(PaaS)
3.Software as a Service(SaaS)

There are many other service models all of which can take the form like XaaS, i.e., Anything as a Service. This can be Network as a Service, Business as a Service, Identity as a Service, Database as a Service or Strategy as a Service.
The Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is the most basic level of service. Each of the service models make use of the underlying service model, i.e., each inherits the security and management mechanism from the underlying model, as shown in the following diagram:

INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE (IAAS) 

IaaS provides access to fundamental resources such as physical machines, virtual machines, virtual storage, etc.

PLATFORM AS A SERVICE (PAAS)

 PaaS provides the runtime environment for applications, development & deployment tools, etc. SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE (SAAS) 

SaaS model allows to use software applications as a service to end users.

So Thats about cloud computing .Now lets discuss about its Benefits.

Benefits:

Cloud Computing has numerous advantages. Some of them are listed below:

• One can access applications as utilities,over the internet.
• Manipulate and configure the application online at any time
• not required to install a specific piece of software to access or manipulate cloud applications.
• Cloud Computing offers online development and deployment tools, programming runtime environment through Platform as a Service model.
• Cloud resources are available over the network in a manner that provides platform independent access to any type of clients
• Cloud Computing offers on-demand self-service. The resources can be used without interaction with cloud service provider
• Cloud Computing is highly cost effective because it operates at higher efficiencies with greater utilization. It just requires an Internet connection.
• Cloud Computing offers load balancing that makes it more reliable.

RISKS
As it has many benefits but there is some risks too in cloud computing although it is a great innovation .But nothing is perfect as we all know so here are some of its risks or disadvantages.

1. SECURITY & PRIVACY :It is the biggest concern about cloud computing. Since data management and infrastructure management in cloud is provided by third-party, it is always a risk to handover the sensitive information to such providers. Although the cloud computing vendors ensure more secure password protected accounts, any sign of security breach would result in loss of clients and businesses.
2. LOCK-IN:It is very difficult for the customers to switch from one Cloud Service Provider (CSP) to another. It results in dependency on a particular CSP for service.
3. ISOLATION FAILURE:This risk involves the failure of isolation mechanism that separates storage, memory, routing between the different tenants.
4. MANAGEMENT INTERFACE COMPROMISE:In case of public cloud provider, the customer management interfaces are accessible through the Internet.
5. INSECURE OR INCOMPLETE DATA DELETION:It is possible that the data requested for deletion may not get deleted. It happens either because extra copies of data are stored but are not available or disk destroyed also stores data from other tenants.

Papper battery

WHAT  IS  A  PAPER  BATTERY?

§A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotube  with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper.

§A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super-capacitor , combining two components that are separate in traditional electronics .

GENERAL Li-ION BATTERY   

• —Generally  Li-ion re-chargeable batteries are used in mobiles,laptops and most of the electronic devices.   
• —3 primary functional component of Li-ion battery are:
                1.  -ve electrode(graphite)
                2. +ve electrode(cobalt oxide)
                3.electrolyte( lithium salt in organic solvent)
• 
  —During discharge and charging, lithium ions Li+ carry the current from the negative to the positive electrode and vice-versa respectively, through the non-aqueous electrolyte .

Disadvantages of Li-Ion

• EXPENSIVE--40% more than Nicd.
• DELICATE--Battery temperature must be monitered from within(Which raises the price), and sealed particularly well.

• REGULATIONS--When shipping Li-ion batteries in bulk(Which also raises price).
• Class 9 miscellaneous hazardous material

WHY TO USE PAPER BATTERY?

•      —Ultra-thin size  & flexible structure.
• —     —Exhibits property of super-capacitor(22F-36F per gram)
•      —Operating temper ature(-75 to 100 degree celsius)
• —    —provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy.
• 
  
•      —Cost-effective.

CARBON NANOTUBES 

• —Carbon nanotube is the main concept behind paper battery —
• —Carbon nanotubes (CNTs; also known as buckytubes) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element
• 
  

  —CNTs exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient thermal conductors.
• 
  

  —Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family. The diameter of a nanotube is on the order of a few nanometers  Their name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, called graphene. These sheets are rolled at specific and discrete angles, and the combination of the rolling angle and radius decides the nanotube properties.

Google glass

Google glass

I am sure everyone has ever heard the word "Google glass".Have you ever wanted to know about this google's future project.So lets have some knowledge about this.

Introduction:

• Google Glass is an optical head-mounted display designed in the shape of a pair of eyeglasses.
• Project Glass is a research and development program by Google to develop  reality Head Mounted display (HMD).
• The intended purpose of Google Glass  would be the hands free displaying of information  currently available to most smartphone users.

Technology used:

• Wearable computing.
• Ambient intelligence.
• Smart clothing.
• Eye tap technology.
• 4g technology.
• Android technology.

How it works:

• Video display

            Has a small video display to display the pop up hands free information.

• Camera

        It has the front facing video camera with which photos and videos can be taken.

• Speaker

         Speaker is desined for the ear to make or receive calls.

• Button

         A single button on the side of the frame is situated for the glass to work with the physical                     touch input.

• Microphone

        A microphone is put in ,to take the voice commands of user.

            It is also used for having telephone communication.

• Features of google glass

1. Photography and video.
2. Send message and google search.
3. Google translate and google map.
4. Calling and many more function that a smartphone can do.

• Advantages

• Easy to wear and use.
•  Sensitive and responsive to the presence of people.
• Fast access of maps ,documents,videos,chats and much more.
•  A new trend of fashion lovers together being an innovative technology.
• A useful technology for all kind of disabled people

•  Disadvantages

• Can be easily broken or damaged.
• It may lead to accidents while driving. 

Google Driverless Car

Google Driverless Car

The Google Driverless Car is like any car, 

but:

Ø It can steer itself while looking out for 

obstacles.

Ø It can accelerate itself to the correct 

speed limit.

Ø It can stop and go itself based on any 

traffic condition.

  

It can take its passengers anywhere it

 wants to

go safely, legally, and comfortably. 

HISTORY:

The project is currently being led by:  

Sebastian Thrun

ØDirector of the Stanford Artificial 

Intelligence Laboratory

Ø  2005 DARPA Grand Challenge   

        Winner

Ø Co-inventor of Google Street View

COMPONENTS:

Integrates Google Maps with various 

hardware sensors and artificial intelligence 

software

ØGoogle Maps

Provides the car with road information

ØHardware Sensors

Provides the car with real time environment 

conditions

ØArtificial Intelligence

Provides the car with real time decisions

GOOGLE MAP:

Google Maps interacts with GPS and acts 

like a database.

ØSpeed Limits.

ØUpcoming intersections.

ØTraffic Report.

ØNearby collisions.

ØDirections.

HARDWARE SENSORS:

ØThe hardware sensors gives real time 

environmental properties.

ØEnvironment is dynamic so need real 

time results.

ØSensors attempt to create fully 

observable environment.

SENSORS LIKE

• LIDAR

• VIDEO CAMERA

• POSITION ESTIMATOR

• DISTANCE SENSOR

TECHNOLOGIES USED:

LIDAR

Ø“Heart of our system“

Ø LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging, also LADAR) is an 

optical remote sensing technology that can measure the 

distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating 

the target with light, often using pulses from a laser.

ØScanning distance of 60 meters (~197 feet)

ØVIDEO CAMERA

     Detects upcoming traffic light.

Ø  DISTANCE SENSOR

Ø

         Allow the car to "see" far enough to 

detect nearby or    upcoming cars or 

obstacles

Ø  POSITION ESTIMATOR(

Wheel Encoder)

         

Determines vehicle's location and keeps  

track of its movements.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:

Google Maps and the hardware sensors data are sent to 

the AI.

AI then determines:

Ø how fast to accelerate

Ø when to slow down/stop

Ø when to steer the wheel

Ø Goal of AI

The agent's goal is to take the passenger to its desired 

destination safely and legally

CURRENTLY

As of 2012:

•Nevada

o1st state to allow driverless vehicles can be legally 

operated on public roads 

•6 Google Driverless Cars

o5 Toyota Prius

o1 Audi TT

•Total miles

o140,000 miles with occasional human intervention.

SO friends thats all about the google on going and future 

project and now lets know about its future scope.

As we can see this car could Drive itself so the need of 

driver will be not there in future.

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